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2	Design for Crime Prevention The built environment is the physical counterpart of social relations.
3	Social Capital & Design
4	Oscar Newman Defensible Space Norms of behavior Social responsibility Commitment Mutual concern Identity Involvement Participation Social pressure Community control
5	Oscar Newman Defensible Space “When people started protecting themselves as individuals rather than as a community, the battle was lost”. Feeling of security as a precondition for creating and maintaining social capital Some physical environments engender feelings of anonymity, isolation, irresponsibility, lack of identity, powerlessness
6	Social Capital and the Built Environment Approaches: Newman - Defensible Space Gardiner - Environmental Security Planning and Design Appleyard - Livable Streets Lynch - Image of the City Eliade - The Sacred and Profane
7	Newman - Territoriality “Territory” as the broadest physical expression of community Division of environment into zones toward which residents adopt proprietary attitudes Define norms of behavior appropriate for different parts of the territory Ability to observe and identify strangers, neighbors and others who belong within different parts of the territory
8	Newman - Territoriality To observe and be observed Communicate community norms of behavior Willingness to confront behavior that violates norms within parts of the territory, taking action, and being effective in the action taken Identification with either the victim or the property being vandalized or stolen.
9	Newman - Territoriality Subtlely and progressively more private zones Private Semi-private Semi-public Public
10	Progressively More Private
11	Progressively More Private
12	Barrier Missing Between Public & Private
13	Barrier Missing Between Public & Private
14	Barrier Missing Between Public & Private
15	No Man’s Land Area behind small houses and houses converted to retail businesses Open parking Unrestricted paths through centers of blocks past houses and stores
16	Newman - Surveillance Territorial definition coupled with building design improvements to increate capacity of residents to survey their defined realm Lack of surveillance either into or out from these apartments
17	Newman - Image Design features and neighborhood conditions can identify people as potential victims Living and neighborhood environments can have debilitating effect on human spirit
18	Newman - Image Many elements of visual blight are in violation of laws dealing with housing, weeds and litter, solid waste, graffiti, and abandoned vehicles The dumpster shown violates the law
19	Newman - Image In contrast, public display of individuality, concern, and maintenance makes neighborhood less vulnerable to crime and disorder
20	Newman - Milieu Area can be near commercial and institutional uses that increase safety and reduce fear of crime But the opposite also is true
21	Gardiner - Environmental Security Defensible Space from broader community perspective Seen through data analysis on levels of: District (several square miles) Facility service areas, e.g. shopping center, park, hospital Neighborhood Street Building and site
22	Gardiner - Environmental Security Considers the growth of an urban area and its impacts on the neighborhood At first, businesses and facilities are small in scale and impacts are limited in area As city expands, territorial conflicts increase
23	Gardiner - Environmental Security
24	Gardiner - Environmental Security
25	Gardiner - Environmental Security
26	Gardiner - Environmental Security Community centers, schools, multi-service centers, parks being built at ever larger scales Alamosa multi-service center fenced from Alamosa neighborhood
27	Gardiner - Environmental Security Defensible Space understood through analysis of data on: Residence of crime victim Residence of crime perpetrator Analysis of the location of the crime
28	Enhancing Defensible Space Through: Distinct Entrances Clearly defined division between semi-public and semi-private space. Existing environment modified
29	Distinct Entrances
30	Barriers
31	Barriers
32	Barriers
33	Amenities
34	Newman - Surveillance Juxtaposition of home interiors with outside use areas Reduce ambiguity of public & private space
35	Design - Commercial
36	Design Standards – Arlington / D.C Doors w/ window every 50’ – 100’ Store windows 100% transparent Street level facades – 75% glass Architectural detailing around doors and windows create interest Rhythm of display and door windows Transom windows Store signage within original frieze Canvas or metal awnings Illuminating the storefront and the sidewalk from under awning Interior lighting and no blockages of views within stores
37	Appleyard - Livable Streets
38	Appleyard - Livable Streets
39	Appleyard - Livable Streets
40	Appleyard - Livable Streets High Volume Streets (15,750+ vehicles/day) Very little social interaction. Elderly felt lonely Residents: elderly, renters, few children Half average length of stay as on light traffic street Excessive speeds Considered dangerous, highest accident rates Noise, vibration, fumes, soot, litter Little peace and seclusion. Little personal identification with community Perceived as boring and monotonous
41	Appleyard - Livable Streets Low Volume Streets (2,000- vehicles/day) 3x local friends, 2x acquaintances, heaviest use by children and teens, street considered part of community Home owners, families with children, twice as long length of residence Considered safe Few perceived problems with noise, vibration, dirt Residents cleaned streets. More landscaping Community life moved between homes and street Attention to detail in homes, porches, yards
42	Street Safety
43	Street Safety
44	Burden – Lane Design 7’ parking lane 11’ traffic lane
45	Burden – Street Design 7’ parking lane – 2 sides One 11’ traffic lane 26’ curb to curb width
46	Alexandria – Street Design Example
47	Calthorpe – Street Design 8’ parking lane – 2 sides 10’ traffic lane – 2 lanes 36’ curb to curb width
48	Alexandria – Street Design Example
49	Burden – Main Street Design 15-25 speed – Moving slowly and safely Encourage people to pause, exchange, and communicate Median optional
50	Alexandria – Main Street Design Example
51	Burden – Avenue Transitional access to neighborhood streets – “connector” Includes bike lanes
52	Burden – Boulevard Proves regional access - “arterial” Bike lanes Median
53	Alexandria – Boulevard Example
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55	Traffic Calming
56	Traffic Calming