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2	Introduction
3	What is a neighborhood plan?
4	Neighborhood Definition No universally accepted definition. Based on subjective views, the physical environment and social relations. Elements include: Geographic boundaries Inherent personal and property rights Standards of behavior Mutual support Sense of place and personal identity Place to invest Sense of security Place to go to school
5	What is community? People living in some common or shared way. Networks of informal relations among family, friends, acquaintances Formal and informal organizational affiliation Norms of behavior Trust Bonds of reciprocal obligation Attention to problems and success in achieving values
6	Community building is building social capital
7	How Does Culture Affect Planning? Socially Learned Ways of Acting and Thinking. “Designs for Living” Language Networks Social organization Belief Systems (Values, Norms, Attitudes) e.g. Child rearing, formal and informal economy, treatment of seniors and youth, political structure, status, housing standards, physical environment & landscape, art, religion
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9	Planning Models
10	Metropolitan Forces Affecting Neighborhoods Building neighborhoods at the fringe Subsidies for fringe development Quality of existing neighborhoods New Urbanist codes Vision based planning Service policies
11	Strategic Planning Long term goals & vision Community conditions Policies affecting future programs Broad strategies (“What” & “Who”) Short term objectives (“How Much” & “When”) Programs and projects Systems thinking
12	Data Collection History & Oral History Census Inventories Population forecasts Geographic Info Systems (GIS) Surveys HMDA / Small business lending
13	Built Environment & Identity Lynch’s Image of the City Culture and the built environment Sacred space New Urbanism
14	Housing - 1 Conditions indicators Neighborhood typology Achieving housing affordability Community Reinvestment Act
15	Housing - 2 Community Development Corporations Housing Financial Analysis Neighborhood Redevelopment Example: Sawmill Community Land Trust
16	Economic Development - 1 Role of small neighborhood businesses Overview of approaches Mobilizing local resources Social capital Micro-lending Entrepreneurship CRA
17	Economic Development - 2 Community Development Corporations Main Street retail Incubators Job training and job prep Funding sources
18	Public Safety - 1 Conditions indicators Crime & Fear of Crime Community Oriented Policing Drugs-Crime-Courts-Jail-Rehabilitation
19	Public Safety - 2 “Defensible Space” “Environment / Security” Planning & Design Streets Code Enforcement
20	Community Schools - 1 Conditions indicators Philosophy of community education Participation and learning Models, e.g. School, Family, Community Partnerships, Comer Schools Organizing and educational reform
21	Community Schools - 2 School based social services Physical design Traditional Neighborhood Development Infill development zones Community school design
22	Neighborhood Social Services Conditions indicators Mobilizing local resources - “Building Communities From the Inside Out” Informal Helping Networks Locally run social services Cooperatives - Collaboratives
23	History: Medieval Towns
24	Tenement Housing and Settlement Houses
25	Planning as Neighborhood Planning Abhorrent conditions created by rapid urbanization Decades of studies prove ineffective. Corruption and self interest halt reform Settlement House movement creates neighborhood planning techniques Political movement produces change
26	Garden Cities of To-morrow - 1898 Comprehensive approach to urban growth Template for neighborhood land uses Land Trust as social and economic reform
27	Paths Diverge: Burnham’s Plan of Chicago - 1909 Columbia Exposition (1893) - “victory of business, political, cultural elites” Plans for Washington, Cleveland, San Francisco, Baltimore, New York Sponsored by Commercial Club - $1 million cost Groupings of monumental public buildings, Michigan Ave Grand Blvd, radial boulevards, parks, public sculptures, slum clearance.
28	Physical Design Path. Unwin’s Town Planning in Practice - 1909 Designed first Garden City - Letchworth Elaborated design component on fuedal model Boundaries; hierarchy of centers - town, neighborhood, cluster; street design, mix of housing
29	Perry’s “Neighborhood Unit Formula” - 1923 “In ideal city plan the whole municipality would be laid out in neighborhoods.” Addresses impact of the car Homogeneity, avoid strangers, not applied to existing neighborhoods
30	Stein’s Radburn, N.J. - 1928 “Disciple” of Howard and Unwin Garden City of 25,000 with three school-centered neighborhoods “Super-blocks” & pedestrian/park pedestrian spine
31	Development Laws & Regulations 1926 Euclid v Ambler Realty - Supreme Court allows land use regulations. Standard City Planning Enabling Act in 1927. FHA created in 1934. Insurance and mortgage redlining, highway construction, and federal subsidies for new home buying. Housing Acts of 1937, 1945, 1949. Housing Act of 1954.
32	Development Laws & Regulations Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 and Special Impact Program amendments in 1965 Model Cities Act of 1966. Vietnam War New Federalism (1970), Revenue Sharing (1972), CDBG (1974) Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (1975) Community Reinvestment Act (1977) Reagan and Bush Clinton
33	New Urbanism Firmly in design tradition of Howard, Unwin and Perry. Diversity, civic life, social interaction “Design decisions will permeate . . . the way residents live” Weak connection to Settlement House
34	New Urbanism Codes
35	A final thought Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative’s strongest tools were: “the concept of the master plan and the action of aggressive community organizing”
36	Themes The return of civic life is important in all neighborhoods not just in older, low-income areas. All neighborhoods have human resources that can be used to improve local conditions. All neighborhoods have economic market demand, e.g. for retail and housing.
37	Themes Much good already is being accomplished in neighborhoods in an informal and community-based way. Community development and education are equivalent to each other. Solutions to neighborhood problems are mutually reinforcing, e.g. economic dev., housing, social services, jobs.
38	Themes The physical and social environments of neighborhoods are virtually the same. Private economic conditions underpin the neighborhood’s social environment. Programs to improve neighborhood conditions must address whole individuals, families, and communities.
39	Themes Programs and services that engage, empower, and mobilize local residents are more effective. Neighborhood residents need to have greater control over local programs and services. Planners should incorporate the perspectives and approaches of community organizers
40	Themes Problem solving, action, and power are mutually reinforcing for neighborhood organizations. Concerns about safety and security affect the ability to learn and contribute. Resources from government are available. Government help sometimes can be harmful.
41	Themes Government should encourage and strengthen Community Based Organizations. Neighborhood can’t go it alone. Collaboration is critical.